The Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Society

Sarah J. Greenwald, Jill E. Thomley

Salem Press | 2011 | 1191 páginas | PDF | 17,79 Mb

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A fascinating exploration of how mathematics affects our daily lives in sociological, economic, and historical perspectives.

Mathematics is at the root of modern civilization, from measuring temperature on a frigid day to driving a car to using a digital camera; enthusiasts might say applied mathematics rules the world. The Encyclopedia of Mathematics and Society presents some 490 articles showing the math behind our daily lives, explaining to students how and why math works, and allowing readers to better understand how disciplines such as algebra, geometry, calculus, and others affect what we do every day. This outstanding reference is appropriate for both high school and undergraduate programs, making the content readily accessible to public library patrons as well.

Scope & Coverage
This academic, multi-author reference work serves as a general and non-technical resource for students and teachers to understand the importance of mathematics; to appreciate the influence of mathematics on societies around the world; to learn the history of applied mathematics; and to initiate educational discussion brought forth by the specific social and topical articles presented in the work. The essays in this set fall into one or more of the following broad categories: architecture and engineering; arts, music, and entertainment; business, economics, and marketing; communications and computers; friendship, romance and religion; games, sports, and recreation; government, politics, and history; history and development of curricular concepts; mathematics around the world; mathematics culture and identity; medicine and health; space, time and distance; travel and transportation; and weather, nature, and environment.

Organization & Format
The essays are arranged alphabetically and average one to five pages in length. The articles are written in clear language and presented in a uniform, easily readable format. Every article begins with standard, ready-reference top matter which includes the category, fields of study (such as geometry, measurements, communication) and a brief summary. The heart of the essay is anywhere from two to four pages and discusses the interconnections of mathematics, including its meaning, history and usage. Every essays ends with a detailed list of sources for further reading, and see-also cross-references. In addition, every essay is signed by the original contributor.

Special Features
The front matter of this set includes a list of contributors, a detailed publisher's note, and an introduction by the editors. At the end of volume three readers will find a general bibliography, a detailed time line, a glossary of mathematical terms, and a complete subject index.

International Encyclopedia of Statistical Science

Miodrag Lovric

Springer | 2010 | 1852 páginas | PDF | 28 MB

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The goal of this book is multidimensional: a) to help reviving Statistics education in many parts in the world where it is in crisis. For the first time authors from many developing countries have an opportunity to write together with the most prominent world authorities. The editor has spent several years searching for the most reputable statisticians all over the world. International contributors are either presidents of the local statistical societies, or head of the Statistics department at the main university, or the most distinguished statisticians in their countries. b) to enable any non-statistician to obtain quick and yet comprehensive and highly understandable view on certain statistical term, method or application c) to enable all the researchers, managers and practicioners to refresh their knowledge in Statistics, especially in certain controversial fields. d) to revive interest in statistics among students, since they will see its usefulness and relevance in almost all branches of Science.

The Facts on File Geometry Handbook

Catherine A. Gorini

Revised edition
Facts on File | 2009 | 342 páginas | PDF | 3,2 MB

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Like other areas of mathematics, geometry is a continually growing and evolving field. Computers, technology, and the sciences drive many new discoveries in mathematics. For geometry, the areas of quantum computers, computer graphics, nanotechnology, crystallography, and theoretical physics have been particularly relevant in the past few years. There have been considerable developments in the field of geometry since the first edition of "The Facts On File Geometry Handbook" was published. An ideal primer for middle and high school students on the subject of geometry, this revised edition highlights new developments while expanding on the material in the first edition. More than 300 new glossary terms have been added as well as new biographies, events, charts, tables, theorems, and photographs and line illustrations. New and revised entries include: Algebraic equation; Calipers; Coloring; Devil's pitchfork; Hausdorff distance; John Hubbard; Isometric perspective; Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz; Magic square; Monstrous Moonshine Madness; Isaac Newton; Grigory Perelman; Root snail; School Mathematics Study Group (SMSG); Sudoku square; Wheel of Theodorus; and, Windmill Theorem.

Encyclopedia of Mathematics

(Science Encyclopedia)
James Stuart Tanton

Facts on File | 2005 | 568 páginas | pdf | 7,4 Mb

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Descrição: Encyclopedia of Mathematics is a comprehensive one-volume encyclopedia designed for high school through early college students. More than 1,000 entries, more than 125 photographs and illustrations, and numerous essays cover the principal areas and issues that characterize this "new" area of science. This valuable resource unites disparate ideas and provides the meaning, history, context, and relevance behind each one. The easy-to-use format makes finding straightforward and natural answers to questions within arithmetic - such as algebra, trigonometry, geometry, probability, combinatorics, numbers, logic, calculus, and statistics - simple. Encyclopedia of Mathematics also gives historical context to mathematical concepts, with entries discussing ancient Arabic, Babylonian, Chinese, Egyptian, Greek, Hindu, and Mayan mathematics, as well as entries providing biographical descriptions of important people in the development of mathematic.

Trig Or Treat: An Encyclopedia of Trigonometric Identity Proofs With Intellectually Challenging Games

Adrian Yeo

World Scientific Publishing Company | 2007 | 416 páginas | rar -pdf |

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Descrição: This encyclopedia contains trigonometric identity proofs for some three hundred identities. The book is presented in the form of mathematical games for the reader s enjoyment and includes a concordance of trigonometric identities, enabling easy reference. Trig or Treat is a must-have for: every student of trigonometry, to find the proofs for trigonometric identities that may be set in class or in exams; every teacher of trigonometry, to have easy access to trigonometric identities of different levels of difficulty, to set assignments for different levels of students; every library, to provide a ready resource for students every aficionado of Sudoku, crossword puzzles, jigsaw puzzles, Tetris, and other games, who love an intellectual challenge.

The Facts On File Calculus Handbook

(Facts on File Science Library)
Eli Maor

Facts on File | 2005 | 164 páginas

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Descrição: The Facts On File Calculus Handbook brings the fundamentals of calculus to students in an easy and accessible format. An ideal primer for the subject, this book takes all the basics of calculus and helps students understand and apply them in their work.


Tópicos:
Absolute value
Binomial theorem
Derivative
Exponential growth
Greatest integer function
Implicit differentiation
Integration
Law of cosines
Linear function
Parabola
Polynomial functions
Second derivative
Velocity.
Jakob Bernoulli
René Descartes
Eudoxus of Cnidus
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Carl Friedrich Gauss
Sir Isaac Newton
Blaise Pascal
François Viète
John Wallis





Biografias:

The Facts On File Algebra Handbook

(Facts on File Science Library)
Deborah Todd

Facts on File | 2005 | 164 páginas | PDF

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Descrição: This book is designed to give students a broad understanding of the basics of algebra. Algebra fundamentals are essential for solving problems in other parts of mathematics as well, such as algebraic geometry. The Facts On File Algebra Handbook delivers algebra made easy and accessible to everyone.

Tópicos:

• Abscissa
• Conditional equation
• Deficient number (defective number)
• Double inequality
• Fibonacci sequence
• Interdependent event
• Multiplicative identity
• Property
• Ratio
• Slope
• Transitive property of equality
• Whole number
• Zero exponent theorem.

Biografias:

• Maria Gaëtana Agnesi
• Apollonius of Perga
• Nina Karlovna Bari
• Bhaskara
• Dame Mary Cartwright
• Leonhard Euler
• Abu Kamil
• Helena Rasiowa
• Shing-Tung Yau

The Facts on File Geometry Handbook

(The Facts on File Science Handbooks)
Catherine A. Gorini

Facts on File | 2003 | 288 páginas | PDF

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Descrição: This volume is the ideal primer for middle and high school students on the subject of geometry. It explains the fundamental concepts, ideas, processes and procedures, and figures that make geometry highly applicable in the world outside the classroom.

Tópicos inluídos:

• Analytic geometry
• Beltrami-Klein model
• Cantor set
• Ellipse
• Geographical Information Systems (GIS)
• Hyperbolic cosine
• Kepler-Poinsot solids
• Mystic hexagram theorem
• Obtuse angle
• Penrose tiling
• Quadratic surface.

Biografias:

• Fillipo Brunelleschi
• Shiing-Shen Chern
• René Descartes
• M.C. Escher
• Fibonacci
• Hippocrates of Chios
• Emmy Noether
• Blaise Pascal
• Marjorie Senechal
• Zu Chongzhi

The Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences

Neil J. A. Sloane, Simon Plouffe

Academic Press |1995 | 587 páginas | pdf | 8,5 Mb

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Descrição: This encyclopedia contains more than 5000 integer sequences, over half of which have never before been catalogued. Because the sequences are presented in the most natural form, and arranged for easy reference, this book is easier to use than the authors earlier classic A Handbook of Integer Sequences. The Encyclopedia gives the name, mathematical description, and citations to literature for each sequence. Following sequences of particular interest, thereare essays on their origins, uses, and connections to related sequences (all cross-referenced). A valuable new feature to this text is the inclusion of a number of interesting diagrams and illustrations related to selected sequences.
The initial chapters are both amusing and enlightening. They serve as a delightful introduction to the subject and a short course on how to identify and work with integer sequences. This encyclopedia brings Sloanes ground-breaking Handbook up to date, more than doubling its size, and linking both the old and the new material to an extensive bibliography (over 25 pages long), of current and classic references. An index to all the sequences in the book is also available separately on disk in Macintosh and IBM formats.

Historical Encyclopedia of Natural and Mathematical Sciences

Ari Ben-Menahem

Springer | 2009 | 5988 páginas | PDF

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This milestone extensive work combines the essentials of history – biography, chronology, political and economic background – with the observations, theories, principles, laws and equations that constitute the specifics of science.

The 5800-page Encyclopedia arises from the conviction that the optimal perspective on science is through the lens of history, setting aside traditional divisions of discipline and specialty, and rising above geopolitical boundaries. Reaching from 4,200 BCE to the 21st century CE, the Encyclopedia tells (as the author himself puts it) "not only who did it and when it was done but also precisely what was done."

The author, Ari Ben-Menahem, surveys 100 generations of great thinkers, offering 2070 detailed biographies of scientists, engineers, explorers and inventors, who left their mark on the history of science and technology. The span of coverage is all-encompassing: mathematics, philosophy, logic, physical and environmental sciences (including physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth and space sciences and cosmology), life sciences (biology, medicine, physiology, botany, zoology and biochemistry), associated engineering disciplines, and the social sciences (among them economics, psychology, sociology, anthropology, linguistics and more).

The six-volume Encyclopedia also includes 380 articles summarizing the time-line of ideas in the leading fields of science, technology, mathematics and philosophy, plus useful tables, figures and photos, and 20 ‘Science Progress Reports’ detailing scientific setbacks. Interspersed throughout are quotations, gathered from the wit and wisdom of sages, savants and scholars throughout the ages from antiquity to modern times.

Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences

Vol. 2
(Routledge reference)
Grattan-Guinness I

Routledge | 1992 | 1819 páginas | epub | 7,22 Mb

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Mathematics is one of the most basic -- and most ancient -- types of knowledge. Yet the details of its historical development remain obscure to all but a few specialists. The two-volume Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences recovers this mathematical heritage, bringing together many of the world's leading historians of mathematics to examine the history and philosophy of the mathematical sciences in a cultural context, tracing their evolution from ancient times to the twentieth century.

In 176 concise articles divided into twelve parts, contributors describe and analyze the variety of problems, theories, proofs, and techniques in all areas of pure and applied mathematics, including probability and statistics. This indispensable reference work demonstrates the continuing importance of mathematics and its use in physics, astronomy, engineering, computer science, philosophy, and the social sciences. Also addressed is the history of higher education in mathematics. Carefully illustrated, with annotated bibliographies of sources for each article, The Companion Encyclopedia is a valuable research tool for students and teachers in all branches of mathematics.

Contents of Volume 1: -Ancient and Non-Western Traditions -The Western Middle Ages and the Renaissance -Calculus and Mathematical Analysis -Functions, Series, and Methods in Analysis -Logic, Set Theories, and the Foundations of Mathematics -Algebras and Number Theory

Contents of Volume 2: -Geometries and Topology -Mechanics and Mechanical Engineering -Physics, Mathematical Physics, and Electrical Engineering -Probability, Statistics, and the Social Sciences -Higher Education andInstitutions -Mathematics and Culture -Select Bibliography, Chronology, Biographical Notes, and Index

CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Eric W. Weisstein

Chapman & Hall/CRC | 2002| 2.ª Edição | 3252 Páginas | PDF | 310 MB

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Upon publication, the first edition of the CRC Concise Encyclopedia of Mathematics received overwhelming accolades for its unparalleled scope, readability, and utility. It soon took its place among the top selling books in the history of Chapman & Hall/CRC, and its popularity continues unabated.

Yet also unabated has been the dedication of author Eric Weisstein to collecting, cataloging, and referencing mathematical facts, formulas, and definitions. He has now updated most of the original entries and expanded the Encyclopedia to include 1000 additional pages of illustrated entries.

The accessibility of the Encyclopedia along with its broad coverage and economical price make it attractive to the widest possible range of readers and certainly a must for libraries, from the secondary to the professional and research levels. For mathematical definitions, formulas, figures, tabulations, and references, this is simply the most impressive compendium available.

Encyclopedia of Trigonometry

Andrew Barnes

Global Media | 2007 | 140 páginas | PDF | 2,2 Mb

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" Introduction" In Simple Terms" Radian and Degree Measure" Trigonometric Angular Functions" Right Angle Trigonometry" Properties of the cosine and sine functions" Taylor series approximations for the trig. functions" Inverse Trigonometric Functions" Applications and Models" Verifying Trigonometric Identities" Solving Trigonometric Equations" Sum and Difference Formulas" Additional Topics in Trigonometry" Solving Triangles" Vectors in the Plane" Trigonometric Identities" History of trigonometry" Common formulae" Exact trigonometric constants" Pythagorean theorem

The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics

Yadolah Dodge

Springer | 2008 | 616 páginas | PDF | 3 Mb

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The Concise Encyclopedia of Statistics presents the essential information about statistical tests, concepts, and analytical methods in language that is accessible to practitioners and students of the vast community using statistics in medicine, engineering, physical science, life science, social science, and business/economics.

The reference is alphabetically arranged to provide quick access to the fundamental tools of statistical methodology and biographies of famous statisticians. The more than 500 entries include definitions, history, mathematical details, limitations, examples, references, and further readings. All entries include cross-references as well as the key citations. The back matter includes a timeline of statistical inventions. This reference will be an enduring resource for locating convenient overviews about this essential field of study.

The Princeton Companion to Mathematics

Timothy Gowers, June Barrow-Green, Imre Leader

Princeton University Press | 2008 | 1008 páginas | PDF

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This is a one-of-a-kind reference for anyone with a serious interest in mathematics. Edited by Timothy Gowers, a recipient of the Fields Medal, it presents nearly two hundred entries, written especially for this book by some of the world's leading mathematicians, that introduce basic mathematical tools and vocabulary; trace the development of modern mathematics; explain essential terms and concepts; examine core ideas in major areas of mathematics; describe the achievements of scores of famous mathematicians; explore the impact of mathematics on other disciplines such as biology, finance, and music--and much, much more.

Unparalleled in its depth of coverage, The Princeton Companion to Mathematics surveys the most active and exciting branches of pure mathematics, providing the context and broad perspective that are vital at a time of increasing specialization in the field. Packed with information and presented in an accessible style, this is an indispensable resource for undergraduate and graduate students in mathematics as well as for researchers and scholars seeking to understand areas outside their specialties.

• Features nearly 200 entries, organized thematically and written by an international team of distinguished contributors
• Presents major ideas and branches of pure mathematics in a clear, accessible style
• Defines and explains important mathematical concepts, methods, theorems, and open problems
• Introduces the language of mathematics and the goals of mathematical research
• Covers number theory, algebra, analysis, geometry, logic, probability, and more
• Traces the history and development of modern mathematics
• Profiles more than ninety-five mathematicians who influenced those working today
• Explores the influence of mathematics on other disciplines
• Includes bibliographies, cross-references, and a comprehensive index

Contributors incude:

Graham Allan, Noga Alon, George Andrews, Tom Archibald, Sir Michael Atiyah, David Aubin, Joan Bagaria, Keith Ball, June Barrow-Green, Alan Beardon, David D. Ben-Zvi, Vitaly Bergelson, Nicholas Bingham, Béla Bollobás, Henk Bos, Bodil Branner, Martin R. Bridson, John P. Burgess, Kevin Buzzard, Peter J. Cameron, Jean-Luc Chabert, Eugenia Cheng, Clifford C. Cocks, Alain Connes, Leo Corry, Wolfgang Coy, Tony Crilly, Serafina Cuomo, Mihalis Dafermos, Partha Dasgupta, Ingrid Daubechies, Joseph W. Dauben, John W. Dawson Jr., Francois de Gandt, Persi Diaconis, Jordan S. Ellenberg, Lawrence C. Evans, Florence Fasanelli, Anita Burdman Feferman, Solomon Feferman, Charles Fefferman, Della Fenster, José Ferreirós, David Fisher, Terry Gannon, A. Gardiner, Charles C. Gillispie, Oded Goldreich, Catherine Goldstein, Fernando Q. Gouvêa, Timothy Gowers, Andrew Granville, Ivor Grattan-Guinness, Jeremy Gray, Ben Green, Ian Grojnowski, Niccolò Guicciardini, Michael Harris, Ulf Hashagen, Nigel Higson, Andrew Hodges, F. E. A. Johnson, Mark Joshi, Kiran S. Kedlaya, Frank Kelly, Sergiu Klainerman, Jon Kleinberg, Israel Kleiner, Jacek Klinowski, Eberhard Knobloch, János Kollár, T. W. Körner, Michael Krivelevich, Peter D. Lax, Imre Leader, Jean-François Le Gall, W. B. R. Lickorish, Martin W. Liebeck, Jesper Lützen, Des MacHale, Alan L. Mackay, Shan Majid, Lech Maligranda, David Marker, Jean Mawhin, Barry Mazur, Dusa McDuff, Colin McLarty, Bojan Mohar, Peter M. Neumann, Catherine Nolan, James Norris, Brian Osserman, Richard S. Palais, Marco Panza, Karen Hunger Parshall, Gabriel P. Paternain, Jeanne Peiffer, Carl Pomerance, Helmut Pulte, Bruce Reed, Michael C. Reed, Adrian Rice, Eleanor Robson, Igor Rodnianski, John Roe, Mark Ronan, Edward Sandifer, Tilman Sauer, Norbert Schappacher, Andrzej Schinzel, Erhard Scholz, Reinhard Siegmund-Schultze, Gordon Slade, David J. Spiegelhalter, Jacqueline Stedall, Arild Stubhaug, Madhu Sudan, Terence Tao, Jamie Tappenden, C. H. Taubes, Rüdiger Thiele, Burt Totaro, Lloyd N. Trefethen, Dirk van Dalen, Richard Weber, Dominic Welsh, Avi Wigderson, Herbert Wilf, David Wilkins, B. Yandell, Eric Zaslow, Doron Zeilberger

Encyclopedia of Mathematics

Volumes 1, 2, 3, e 4
B. M. Brandenberger, Jr.

Macmillan |I Vol.1 Ab-Cy | 2002 | 214 páginas (link - djvu)
Macmillan | Vol.2 Da-Lo | 2002 | 218 páginas (link - djvu)
Macmillan | I Vol.3 Ma-Ro | 2002 | 230 páginas (link - djvu)
Macmillan | IVol.4 Sc-Ze | 2002 | 210 páginas (link - djvu)

893 páginas | PDF - 35 Mb

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Mathematics has been defined as the "universal language of numbers," a language whose basic principles remain the same for all users. Many routine activities, from balancing a checkbook to measuring ingredients for a recipe, require a certain familiarity with mathematical concepts and applications. In Macmillan's Mathematics encyclopedia, users will learn more about the function of mathematics in everyday life, as well as its role as a tool for measurement, data analysis, and technological development. Interdisciplinary in scope, the encyclopedia provides students with a clear and comprehensive introduction to this vast topic through nearly three hundred entries commissioned especially for the set