Stewart Coffin
A K Peters/CRC Press | 2007 - 2ª edição | pdf | 5,4 Mb
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This book discusses how to design "good" geometric puzzles: two-dimensional dissection puzzles, polyhedral dissections, and burrs. It outlines major categories of geometric puzzles and provides examples, sometimes going into the history and philosophy of those examples. The author presents challenges and thoughtful questions, as well as practical design and woodworking tips to encourage the reader to build his own puzzles and experiment with his own designs. Aesthetics, phychology, and mathematical considerations all factor into the definition of the quality of a puzzle.
Contents
Preface vii
Introduction ix
1 Two-Dimensional Dissections 1
2 Two-Dimensional Combinatorial Puzzles 17
3 Misdirection-Type Puzzles 37
4 Variations on Sliding Block Puzzles 41
5 Cubic Block Puzzles 45
6 Interlocking Block Puzzles 55
7 The Six-Piece Burr 59
8 Larger (and Smaller) Burrs 69
9 The Diagonal Burr 81
10 The Rhombic Dodecahedron and Its Stellations 87
11 Polyhedral Puzzles with Dissimilar Pieces 99
12 Intersecting Prisms 107
13 Puzzles that Make Different Shapes 113
14 Coordinate-Motion Puzzles 117
15 Puzzles Using Hexagonal or Rhombic Sticks 121
16 Split Triangular Sticks 129
17 Dissected Rhombic Dodecahedra 133
18 Miscellaneous Confusing Puzzles 139
19 Triacontahedral Designs 143
20 Puzzles Made of Polyhedral Blocks 153
21 Intermezzo 161
22 Theme and Variations 167
23 Blocks and Pins 175
24 Woodworking Techniques 187
Finale 197
Bibliography 199
Index 201
segunda-feira, 3 de março de 2014
The Man Who Loved Only Numbers: The Story of Paul Erdos and the Search for Mathematical Truth
Paul Hoffman
Hyperion | 1999 | 335 páginas | pdf | 13 Mb
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Based on a National Magazine Award-winning article, this masterful biography of Hungarian-born Paul Erdos is both a vivid portrait of an eccentric genius and a layman's guide to some of this century's most startling mathematical discoveries.
Geometry of Complex Numbers
Dover Publications | 1979 | 200 Páginas | rar - epub | 11,7 Mb
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Since its initial publication in 1962, Professor Schwerdtfeger's illuminating book has been widely praised for generating a deeper understanding of the geometrical theory of analytic functions as well as of the connections between different branches of geometry. Its focus lies in the intersection of geometry, analysis, and algebra, with the exposition generally taking place on a moderately advanced level. Much emphasis, however, has been given to the careful exposition of details and to the development of an adequate algebraic technique.
In three broad chapters, the author clearly and elegantly approaches his subject. The first chapter, Analytic Geometry of Circles, treats such topics as representation of circles by Hermitian matrices, inversion, stereographic projection, and the cross ratio. The second chapter considers in depth the Moebius transformation: its elementary properties, real one-dimensional projectivities, similarity and classification of various kinds, anti-homographies, iteration, and geometrical characterization. The final chapter, Two-Dimensional Non-Euclidean Geometries, discusses subgroups of Moebius transformations, the geometry of a transformation group, hyperbolic geometry, and spherical and elliptic geometry. For this Dover edition, Professor Schwerdtfeger has added four new appendices and a supplementary bibliography.Advanced undergraduates who possess a working knowledge of the algebra of complex numbers and of the elements of analytical geometry and linear algebra will greatly profit from reading this book. It will also prove a stimulating and thought-provoking book to mathematics professors and teachers.
In three broad chapters, the author clearly and elegantly approaches his subject. The first chapter, Analytic Geometry of Circles, treats such topics as representation of circles by Hermitian matrices, inversion, stereographic projection, and the cross ratio. The second chapter considers in depth the Moebius transformation: its elementary properties, real one-dimensional projectivities, similarity and classification of various kinds, anti-homographies, iteration, and geometrical characterization. The final chapter, Two-Dimensional Non-Euclidean Geometries, discusses subgroups of Moebius transformations, the geometry of a transformation group, hyperbolic geometry, and spherical and elliptic geometry. For this Dover edition, Professor Schwerdtfeger has added four new appendices and a supplementary bibliography.Advanced undergraduates who possess a working knowledge of the algebra of complex numbers and of the elements of analytical geometry and linear algebra will greatly profit from reading this book. It will also prove a stimulating and thought-provoking book to mathematics professors and teachers.
Elementary Mathematics from an Advanced Standpoint: Geometry
Felix Klein
Dover Publications | 2004 | 224 páginas | rar - epub | 6,2 Mb
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This text begins with the simplest geometric manifolds, the Grassmann determinant principle for the plane and the Grassmann principle for space; and more. Also explores affine and projective transformations; higher point transformations; transformations with change of space element; and the theory of the imaginary. Concludes with a systematic discussion of geometry and its foundations
CONTENTS
Introduction
Part One: The Simplest Geometric Manifolds
I. Line-Segment, Area, Volume, as Relative Magnitudes
Definition by means of determinants; interpretation of the sign
Simplest applications, especially the cross ratio
Area of rectilinear polygons
Curvilinear areas
Theory of Amsler’s polar planimeter
Volume of polyhedrons, the law of edges
One-sided polyhedrons
II. The Grassmann Determinant Principle for the Plane
Line-segment (vectors)
Application in statics of rigid systems
Classification of geometric magnitudes according to their behavior under transformation of rectangular coordinates
Application of the principle of classification to elementary magnitudes
III. The Grassmann Principle for Space
Line-segment and plane-segment
Application to statics of rigid bodies
Relation to Mobius’ null-system
Geometric interpretation of the null-system
Connection with the theory of screws
IV. Classification of the Elementary Configurations of Space according to their Behavior under Transformation of Rectangular Coordinates
Generalities concerning transformations of rectangular space coordinates
Transformation formulas for some elementary magnitudes
Couple and free plane magnitude as equivalent manifolds
Free line-segment and free plane magnitude (“polar” and “axial” vector)
Scalars of first and second kind
Outlines of a rational vector algebra
Lack of a uniform nomenclature in vector calculus
V. Derivative Manifolds
Derivatives from points (curves, surfaces, point sets)
Difference between analytic and synthetic geometry
Projective geometry and the principle of duality
Plücker’s analytic method and the extension of the principle of duality (line coordinates)
Grassmann’s Ausdehnungslehre; n-dimensional geometry
Scalar and vector fields; rational vector analysis
Part Two: Geometric Transformations
Transformations and their analytic representation
I. Affine Transformations
Analytic definition and fundamental properties
Application to theory of ellipsoid
Parallel projection from one plane upon another
Axonometric mapping of space (affine transformation with vanishing determinant)
Fundamental theorem of Pohlke
II. Projective Transformations
Analytic definition; introduction of homogeneous coordinates
Geometric definition: Every collineation is a projective transformation
Behavior of fundamental manifolds under projective transformation
Central projection of space upon a plane (projective transformation with vanishing determinant)
Relief perspective
Application of projection in deriving properties of conics
III. Higher Point Transformations
1. The Transformation by Reciprocal Radii
Peaucellier’s method of drawing a line
Stereographic projection of the sphere
2. Some More General Map Projections
Mercator’s projection
Tissot theorems
3. The Most General Reversibly Unique Continuous Point Transformations
Genus and connectivity of surfaces
Euler’s theorem on polyhedra
IV. Transformations with Change of Space Element
1. Dualistic Transformations
2. Contact Transformations
3. Some Examples
Forms of algebraic order and class curves
Application of contact transformations to theory of cog wheels
V. Theory of the Imaginary
Imaginary circle-points and imaginary sphere-circle
Imaginary transformation
Von Staudt’s interpretation of self-conjugate imaginary manifolds by means of real polar systems
Von Staudt’s complete interpretation of single imaginary elements
Space relations of imaginary points and lines
Part Three: Systematic Discussion of Geometry and Its Foundations
I. The Systematic Discussion
1. Survey of the Structure of Geometry
Theory of groups as a geometric principle of classification
Cayley’s fundamental principle: Projective geometry is all geometry
2. Digression on the Invariant Theory of Linear Substitutions
Systematic discussion of invariant theory
Simple examples
3. Application of Invariant Theory to Geometry
Interpretation of invariant theory of n variables in affine geometry of Rn with fixed origin
Interpretation in projective geometry of Rn−1
4. The Systematization of Affine and Metric Geometry Based on Cayley’s Principle
Fitting the fundamental notions of affine geometry into the projective system
Fitting the Grassmann determinant principle into the invariant-theoretic conception of geometry. Concerning tensors
Fitting the fundamental notions of metric geometry into the projective system
Projective treatment of the geometry of the triangle
II. Foundations of Geometry
General statement of the question: Attitude to analytic geometry
Development of pure projective geometry with subsequent addition of metric geometry
1. Development of Plane Geometry with Emphasis upon Motions
Development of affine geometry from translation
Addition of rotation to obtain metric geometry
Final deduction of expressions for distance and angle
Classification of the general notions surface-area and curve-length
2. Another Development of Metric Geometry—the Role of the Parallel Axiom
Distance, angle, congruence, as fundamental notions
Parallel axiom and theory of parallels (non-euclidean geometry
Significance of non-euclidean geometry from standpoint of philosophy
Fitting non-euclidean geometry into the projective system
Modern geometric theory of axioms
3. Euclid’s Elements
Historical place and scientific worth of the Elements
Contents of thirteen books of Euclid
Foundations
Beginning of the first book
Lack of axiom of betweenness in Euclid; possibility of the sophisms
Axiom of Archimedes in Euclid; horn-shaped angles as example of a system of magnitudes excluded by this axiom
Dover Publications | 2004 | 224 páginas | rar - epub | 6,2 Mb
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djvu | 2 Mb
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This text begins with the simplest geometric manifolds, the Grassmann determinant principle for the plane and the Grassmann principle for space; and more. Also explores affine and projective transformations; higher point transformations; transformations with change of space element; and the theory of the imaginary. Concludes with a systematic discussion of geometry and its foundations
CONTENTS
Introduction
Part One: The Simplest Geometric Manifolds
I. Line-Segment, Area, Volume, as Relative Magnitudes
Definition by means of determinants; interpretation of the sign
Simplest applications, especially the cross ratio
Area of rectilinear polygons
Curvilinear areas
Theory of Amsler’s polar planimeter
Volume of polyhedrons, the law of edges
One-sided polyhedrons
II. The Grassmann Determinant Principle for the Plane
Line-segment (vectors)
Application in statics of rigid systems
Classification of geometric magnitudes according to their behavior under transformation of rectangular coordinates
Application of the principle of classification to elementary magnitudes
III. The Grassmann Principle for Space
Line-segment and plane-segment
Application to statics of rigid bodies
Relation to Mobius’ null-system
Geometric interpretation of the null-system
Connection with the theory of screws
IV. Classification of the Elementary Configurations of Space according to their Behavior under Transformation of Rectangular Coordinates
Generalities concerning transformations of rectangular space coordinates
Transformation formulas for some elementary magnitudes
Couple and free plane magnitude as equivalent manifolds
Free line-segment and free plane magnitude (“polar” and “axial” vector)
Scalars of first and second kind
Outlines of a rational vector algebra
Lack of a uniform nomenclature in vector calculus
V. Derivative Manifolds
Derivatives from points (curves, surfaces, point sets)
Difference between analytic and synthetic geometry
Projective geometry and the principle of duality
Plücker’s analytic method and the extension of the principle of duality (line coordinates)
Grassmann’s Ausdehnungslehre; n-dimensional geometry
Scalar and vector fields; rational vector analysis
Part Two: Geometric Transformations
Transformations and their analytic representation
I. Affine Transformations
Analytic definition and fundamental properties
Application to theory of ellipsoid
Parallel projection from one plane upon another
Axonometric mapping of space (affine transformation with vanishing determinant)
Fundamental theorem of Pohlke
II. Projective Transformations
Analytic definition; introduction of homogeneous coordinates
Geometric definition: Every collineation is a projective transformation
Behavior of fundamental manifolds under projective transformation
Central projection of space upon a plane (projective transformation with vanishing determinant)
Relief perspective
Application of projection in deriving properties of conics
III. Higher Point Transformations
1. The Transformation by Reciprocal Radii
Peaucellier’s method of drawing a line
Stereographic projection of the sphere
2. Some More General Map Projections
Mercator’s projection
Tissot theorems
3. The Most General Reversibly Unique Continuous Point Transformations
Genus and connectivity of surfaces
Euler’s theorem on polyhedra
IV. Transformations with Change of Space Element
1. Dualistic Transformations
2. Contact Transformations
3. Some Examples
Forms of algebraic order and class curves
Application of contact transformations to theory of cog wheels
V. Theory of the Imaginary
Imaginary circle-points and imaginary sphere-circle
Imaginary transformation
Von Staudt’s interpretation of self-conjugate imaginary manifolds by means of real polar systems
Von Staudt’s complete interpretation of single imaginary elements
Space relations of imaginary points and lines
Part Three: Systematic Discussion of Geometry and Its Foundations
I. The Systematic Discussion
1. Survey of the Structure of Geometry
Theory of groups as a geometric principle of classification
Cayley’s fundamental principle: Projective geometry is all geometry
2. Digression on the Invariant Theory of Linear Substitutions
Systematic discussion of invariant theory
Simple examples
3. Application of Invariant Theory to Geometry
Interpretation of invariant theory of n variables in affine geometry of Rn with fixed origin
Interpretation in projective geometry of Rn−1
4. The Systematization of Affine and Metric Geometry Based on Cayley’s Principle
Fitting the fundamental notions of affine geometry into the projective system
Fitting the Grassmann determinant principle into the invariant-theoretic conception of geometry. Concerning tensors
Fitting the fundamental notions of metric geometry into the projective system
Projective treatment of the geometry of the triangle
II. Foundations of Geometry
General statement of the question: Attitude to analytic geometry
Development of pure projective geometry with subsequent addition of metric geometry
1. Development of Plane Geometry with Emphasis upon Motions
Development of affine geometry from translation
Addition of rotation to obtain metric geometry
Final deduction of expressions for distance and angle
Classification of the general notions surface-area and curve-length
2. Another Development of Metric Geometry—the Role of the Parallel Axiom
Distance, angle, congruence, as fundamental notions
Parallel axiom and theory of parallels (non-euclidean geometry
Significance of non-euclidean geometry from standpoint of philosophy
Fitting non-euclidean geometry into the projective system
Modern geometric theory of axioms
3. Euclid’s Elements
Historical place and scientific worth of the Elements
Contents of thirteen books of Euclid
Foundations
Beginning of the first book
Lack of axiom of betweenness in Euclid; possibility of the sophisms
Axiom of Archimedes in Euclid; horn-shaped angles as example of a system of magnitudes excluded by this axiom
Solve this math activities for students and clubs
(Classroom Resource Materials)
James S. Tanton
The Mathematical Association of America | 2001 | 240 páginas | rar - pdf | 3,1 Mb
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Djvu | 5 Mb
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Sophisticated mathematics is accessible to all. This book proves it! This is a collection of intriguing mathematical problems and activities linked by common themes that all involve working with objects from our everyday experience. Learn about the mathematics of a bagel, a checkerboard and a pile of laundry for example. Discover for yourself that wheels need not be round, that braids need not have free ends, that it's always best to turn around twice - and more! Mathematics is all around us, we all do mathematics every day. The activities contained in this book are immediate, catchy and fun, but upon investigation, begin to unfold into surprising layers of depth and new perspectives. The necessary mathematics, in increasing levels of difficulty, is explained fully along the way. Mathematics educators will find this an invaluable resource of fresh and innovative approaches to topics in mathematics.
Contents
Activities and problem statements. Distribution dilemmas
Weird shapes
Counting on the odds ... and evens
Dicing slicing and avoiding bad bits
'Impossible' paper tricks
Tiling challenges
Things that won't fall down
Mobius madness : tortuous twists on a classic theme
Infamous bicycle problem
Making surfaces in 3 and 4 dimensional space
Paradoxes in probability theory
Don't turn around just once!
It's all in a square
Bagel math
Capturing chaos
Who has the advantage?
Laundry math
Get knotted
Tiling and walking
Automata antics
Bubble trouble
Halves and doubles
Playing with playing cards
Map mechanics
Weird lotteries
Flipped out
Parts that do not add up to their whole
Making the sacrifice
Problems in parity
Chessboard maneuvers
Hints, some solutions and further thoughts.
Solutions and discussions.
A Dollar, a Penny, How Much and How Many
(Math Is Categorical)
Brian P. Cleary e Brian Gable
Millbrook Pr Trade | 2012 | 36 páginas | rar - pdf | 8,8 Mb
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In this funny look at money, Brian P. Cleary and Brian Gable explain the basics of bills and coins. The comical cats of the wildly popular Words Are CATegorical® series show young readers how to count and combine pennies, nickels, fives, tens, and more. Peppy rhymes, goofy illustrations, and kid-friendly examples take the mystery out of money.
International Mathematical Olympiads 1959-1977
(New Mathematical Library)
Samuel L. Greitzer
Mathematical Association of America (MAA) | 1979 | 204 páginas | rar - pdf | 7,2 Mb
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The International Olympiad has been held annually since 1959; the U.S. began participating in 1974, when the Sixteenth International Olympiad was held in Erfurt, G.D.R.
In 1974 and 1975, the National Science Foundation funded a three week summer training session with Samuel L. Greitzer of Rutgers University and Murray Klamkin of the University of Alberta as the U.S. teams' coaches. Summer training sessions in 1976, 1977 were funded by grants from the Army Research Office and Office of Naval Research. To date the U.S. teams have consistently placed among the top three national scores: second in 1974(the USSR was first), third in 1975 (behind Hungary and the G.D.R) and 1976 (behind the USSR and Great Britain) and first in 1977.
Members of U.S. team are selected from the 100 top scorers on the Annual High School Examinations (see NML vols. 5, 17, 25) by subsequent competition in the U.S. Mathematical Olympiad.
In this volume the demonstrably effective coach and prime mover in planning the participation of the U.S.A. in the I.M.O., Samuel L. Greitzer, has compiled all the IMO problems from the First through the Nineteenth (1977) IMO and their solutions, some based on the contestants' papers.
The problems ae solvable by methods accessible to secondary school students in most nations, but insight and ingenuity are often required. A chronological examination of the questions throws some light on the changes and trends in secondary school mathematics curricula.
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