The Early Growth of Logic in the Child: Classification and Seriation

International Library of Psychology

Jean Piaget, Barbel Inhelder

Routledge | 1999 | 329 páginas | rar - pdf | 6,1 Mb

link (password: matav)

CONTENTS
PREFACE page ix
TRANSLATOR’S INTRODUCTION
I. Classification and Inference xi
II. Co-ordination xv
III. Two Levels of Inference xx
INTRODUCTION 1
1. Language 2
2. Maturation 5
3. Perceptual Factors 5
4. Sensori-motor Schemata 11
I. GRAPHIC COLLECTIONS 17
1. Preliminary Statement of the Problem 17
2. General Results Obtained with Flat Geometrical Shapes 21
3. The Links between Graphic Collections and Classification: Further Illustrative Material Using Geometrical Shapes 30
4. “Similarity” and “Belonging” in the Grouping of Small Toys 36
5. Conclusion: Graphic Collections as a First Attempt to Synthesize Intension and Extension 44
II. NON-GRAPHIC COLLECTIONS 47
1. Statement of the Problem: Criteria of an Additive Classificatory Structure 47
2. Non-Graphic Collections as seen with Geometrical Shapes 51
3. Non-Graphic Collections as seen with Arbitrary Objects 56
III. “ALL” AND “SOME” : CONDITIONS OF CLASS-INCLUSION 59
1. “All” and “Some” applied to Shapes and Colours 60
2. “All” and “Some” applied to Tests of Exclusion 74
3. The Absolute and Relative uses of “Some” 89
4. Conclusions. “Some” and “All”, Inclusion and the Relations between Intension and Extension 97
IV. CLASS INCLUSION AND HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 100
1. Classification of Flowers (Mixed with Other Objects) 101
2. Classification of Animals 110
V. COMPLEMENTARY CLASSES page 119
1. The Singular Class in a Practical Context 120
2. Classification and the Relative Size of Classes 125
3. The “Secondary” Class in a Forced Dichotomy 129
4. Negation 137
5. The Inclusion of Complementary Classes and the Duality Principle 142
6. The Null Class 146
7. Conclusion 149
VI. MULTIPLICATIVE CLASSIFICATION (MATRICES) 151
1. Statement of the Problem 151
2. Matrices Tests, I : Results 154
3. Matrix Tests (Standardized Procedure) 159
4. Spontaneous Cross-Classification 165
5. Spontaneous Cross-Classification Continued 171
6. Simple Multiplication (or Intersection) 176
7. Addition and Multiplication 184
8. The Quantification of Multiplicative Classes 188
9. Conclusions 195
VII. FLEXIBILITY IN HINDSIGHT AND FORESIGHT 196
1. Rearrangements Caused by the Addition of New Elements 197
2. Changes of Criterion Requiring the Rearrangement of Existing Classifications 208
3. Anticipation, Execution and Change of Criterion in Partly Spontaneous Classifications 216
VIII. THE CLASSIFICATION OF ELEMENTS PERCEIVED BY TOUCH 232
1. Experimental Prodecure 232
2. Stage I : Choice of Known Elements and Graphic Collections. No Anticipation and No Complete Classifications 234
3. Stage II: Non-Graphic Collections; Discovery of a Single Criterion first by Trial-and-Error, then by Semi-Anticipation ; Difficulty in Finding Others 238
4. Stage III : Anticipation of Two or Three Criteria. Conclusions
IX. SERIATION 247
1. Statement of the Problem 247
2. Sériation and the Anticipation of Serial Configurations with Elements Perceived Visually 250
3. Tactile Sériation and its Anticipation in Drawings 261
X. MULTIPLE SERIATION 269
1. Experimental Procedure 269
2. Stage I : No True Sériation 270
3. Stage II: Spontaneous Sériation of One of the Two Properties, but Failure in the Multiplicative Synthesis of Both page 272
4. Stage III : Successful Multiplication 274
CONCLUSIONS 280