Understandable Statistics: Concepts and Methods

Charles Henry Brase e Corrinne Pellillo Brase

Cengage Learning | 2011 -10ª edição | 844 páginas | pdf | 54 Mb

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UNDERSTANDABLE STATISTICS: CONCEPTS AND METHODS, Tenth Edition, is a thorough, yet accessible program designed to help readers overcome their apprehensions about statistics. The authors provide clear guidance and informal advice while showing the links between statistics and the world. To reinforce this approach--and make the material interesting as well as easier to understand--the book integrates real-life data from a variety of sources, including journals, periodicals, newspapers, and the Internet. Readers also have opportunities to develop their critical thinking and statistical literacy skills through special features and exercises throughout the text. The use of graphing calculators, Excel, MINITAB, and SPSS is covered for those who wish to learn about these helpful tools

Contents
Preface xv
Table of Prerequisite Material 1
1 Getting Started 2
FOCUS PROBLEM: Where Have All the Fireflies Gone? 3
1.1 What Is Statistics? 4
1.2 Random Samples 12
1.3 Introduction to Experimental Design 21
Summary 30
Important Words & Symbols 30
Chapter Review Problems 31
Data Highlights: Group Projects 34
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 34
USING TECHNOLOGY 35
2 Organizing Data 38
FOCUS PROBLEM: Say It with Pictures 39
2.1 Frequency Distributions, Histograms, and Related Topics 40
2.2 Bar Graphs, Circle Graphs, and Time-Series Graphs 54
2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays 63
Summary 71
Important Words & Symbols 71
Chapter Review Problems 72
Data Highlights: Group Projects 75
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 77
USING TECHNOLOGY 78
3 Averages and Variation 80
FOCUS PROBLEM: The Educational Advantage 81
3.1 Measures of Central Tendency: Mode, Median, and Mean 82
3.2 Measures of Variation 93
3.3 Percentiles and Box-and-Whisker Plots 110
Summary 120
Important Words & Symbols 120
Chapter Review Problems 121
4 Elementary Probability Theory 130
FOCUS PROBLEM: How Often Do Lie Detectors Lie? 131
4.1 What Is Probability? 132
4.2 Some Probability Rules—Compound Events 142
4.3 Trees and Counting Techniques 162
Summary 172
Important Words & Symbols 173
Chapter Review Problems 174
Data Highlights: Group Projects 176
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 178
USING TECHNOLOGY 179
5 The Binomial Probability
Distribution and Related Topics 180
FOCUS PROBLEM: Personality Preference Types: Introvert or Extrovert? 181
5.1 Introduction to Random Variables and Probability Distributions 182
5.2 Binomial Probabilities 195
5.3 Additional Properties of the Binomial Distribution 210
5.4 The Geometric and Poisson Probability Distributions 222
Summary 239
Important Words & Symbols 240
Chapter Review Problems 241
Data Highlights: Group Projects 244
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 245
USING TECHNOLOGY 247
6 Normal Curves and Sampling
Distributions 248
FOCUS PROBLEM: Impulse Buying 249
6.1 Graphs of Normal Probability Distributions 250
6.2 Standard Units and Areas Under the Standard Normal Distribution 266
6.3 Areas Under Any Normal Curve 276
6.4 Sampling Distributions 291
6.5 The Central Limit Theorem 296
6.6 Normal Approximation to Binomial Distribution and to Distribution 308
Summary 318
Important Words & Symbols 319
Chapter Review Problems 319
Data Highlights: Group Projects 322
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 323
USING TECHNOLOGY 325
CUMULATIVE REVIEW PROBLEMS: Chapters 4–6 329
7 Estimation 332
FOCUS PROBLEM: The Trouble with Wood Ducks 333
7.1 Estimating m When s Is Known 334
7.2 Estimating m When s Is Unknown 347
7.3 Estimating p in the Binomial Distribution 360
7.4 Estimating m1 m2 and p1 p2 372
Summary 395
Important Words & Symbols 395
Chapter Review Problems 396
Data Highlights: Group Projects 400
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 402
USING TECHNOLOGY 404
8 Hypothesis Testing 408
FOCUS PROBLEM: Benford’s Law: The Importance of Being Number 1 409
8.1 Introduction to Statistical Tests 410
8.2 Testing the Mean m 425
8.3 Testing a Proportion p 442
8.4 Tests Involving Paired Differences (Dependent Samples) 452
8.5 Testing m1 m2 and p1 p2 (Independent Samples) 466
Summary 490
Finding the P-Value Corresponding to a Sample Test Statistic 491
Important Words & Symbols 491
Chapter Review Problems 492
Data Highlights: Group Projects 495
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 496
USING TECHNOLOGY 497
9 Correlation and Regression 500
FOCUS PROBLEM: Changing Populations and Crime Rate 501
9.1 Scatter Diagrams and Linear Correlation 502
9.2 Linear Regression and the Coefficient of Determination 520
9.3 Inferences for Correlation and Regression 541
9.4 Multiple Regression 559
Summary 575
Important Words & Symbols 575
Chapter Review Problems 576
Data Highlights: Group Projects 579
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 580
USING TECHNOLOGY 581
CUMULATIVE REVIEW PROBLEMS: Chapters 7–9 586
10 Chi-Square and F Distributions 590
FOCUS PROBLEM: Archaeology in Bandelier National Monument 591
Part I: Inferences Using the Chi-Square Distribution 592
Overview of the Chi-Square Distribution 592
10.1 Chi-Square: Tests of Independence and of Homogeneity 593
10.2 Chi-Square: Goodness of Fit 608
10.3 Testing and Estimating a Single Variance or Standard Deviation 618
Part II: Inferences Using the F Distribution 630
Overview of the F Distribution 630
10.4 Testing Two Variances 631
10.5 One-Way ANOVA: Comparing Several Sample Means 640
10.6 Introduction to Two-Way ANOVA 656
Summary 668
Important Words & Symbols 668
Chapter Review Problems 669
Data Highlights: Group Projects 672
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 673
USING TECHNOLOGY 674
11 Nonparametric Statistics 676
FOCUS PROBLEM: How Cold? Compared to What? 677
11.1 The Sign Test for Matched Pairs 678
11.2 The Rank-Sum Test 686
11.3 Spearman Rank Correlation 694
11.4 Runs Test for Randomness 705
Summary 714
Important Words & Symbols 714
Chapter Review Problems 714
Data Highlights: Group Projects 716
Linking Concepts: Writing Projects 717
CUMULATIVE REVIEW PROBLEMS: Chapters 10–11 718

Appendix I: Additional Topics A1
Part I: Bayes’s Theorem A1
Part II: The Hypergeometric Probability Distribution A5
Appendix II: Tables A9
Table 1: Random Numbers A9; Table 2: Binomial Coefficients Cn,r A10; Table 3: Binomial
Probability Distribution Cn,r pr qn r A11; Table 4: Poisson Probability Distribution A16;
Table 5: Areas of a Standard Normal Distribution A22; Table 6: Critical Values for
Student’s t Distribution A24; Table 7: The Distribution A25; Table 8: Critical Values
for F Distribution A26; Table 9: Critical Values for Spearman Rank Correlation, rs A36;
Table 10: Critical Values for Number of Runs R A37
Answers and Key Steps to Odd-Numbered Problems A39
Answers to Selected Even-Numbered Problems A74
Index I1